Family law: Drug and alcohol support

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There are a range of drug and alcohol support services that can assist you at this difficult time. This page provides contact details of national support services, including counselling and outreach organisations.

Crisis support

Lifeline

13 11 14

Beyond Blue

1300 224 636 or Online chat

Alcohol Drug Information Service

1800 250 015

Alcoholics Anonymous

1300 222 222

Family Drug Support Australia

1300 368 186

Kids Help Line

1800 551 800

Counselling service and outreach organisations

National Alcohol and Other Drug Hotline

1800 250 015

Alcohol and drug counselling online

Drug and Alcohol Services Australia

Lives Lived Well

1300 727 957

Mental health support services

Separation, divorce and coming to court can be a highly stressful time and it affects people in different ways. Stress, anxiety, depression and other forms of mental illness are common.

This page details a list of national organisations and other resources that may provide support.

Crisis support

Lifeline 
13 11 14

Beyond Blue 
1300 224 636 or Online chat

Suicide Call Back Service 
1300 659 467

Kids Help Line 
1800 551 800

Resources

Australian Child and Adolescent Trauma, Loss and Grief Network 
A network linking people across Australia concerned with the trauma, loss and grief experiences of children and adolescents.

Beyond Blue (the national depression initiative)
Provides national leadership to increase community awareness, prevention and early intervention of depression and related illnesses.

Black Dog Institute 
A not-for-profit, educational, research, clinical and community-oriented facility offering specialist expertise in depression and bipolar disorder.

Children of Parents with a Mental Illness 
Promotes better mental health outcomes for children whose parents have a mental illness.

Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression
Information and research on anxiety and depression for consumers and doctors.

Headspace (National Youth Mental Health Foundation)
Provides health advice, support and information to young Australians aged 12–25.

Head to Health 
National digital mental health online portal.

healthdirect 
A national, government-owned, not-for-profit organisation who supports Australians in managing their own health and wellbeing through a range of online health services.

Kids Help Line 
Provides a free 24 hour national telephone and online counselling service for young people aged between 5 and 25 in Australia.

Lifeline Australia 
The peak body for Lifeline Centres which provide telephone counselling, and information, referral and associated services in local areas.

Mental Health in Multicultural Australia
Provides a national focus on mental health and suicide prevention amongst Australians from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.

MindSpot clinic 
A national clinic that provides free online and telephone assessment and treatment for Australian adults with stress, worry, anxiety, low mood or depression.

National Mental Health Consumer and Carer Forum 
The national voice for consumers and carers participating in the development of mental health policy and sector development in Australia.

ReachOut.com 
A youth mental health service providing practical tools, forums and information in a safe and anonymous online environment.

SANE forums 
Provides peer support for people living with a mental illness or related mental health issues, and for family, friends and other carers.

Separate smarter: Overview

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Separation is the ending of an intimate partner relationship, including the end of a marriage or de facto relationship. It is often a difficult time; it can be stressful, and you may feel unsure about what to do next.

If you have separated recently, you and your former partner will need to make some immediate decisions about practical issues concerning your children and/or your assets like property and debts. Some of the things you might need to consider are:

  • where your children live and who will take care of them
  • how you and your former partner will support yourselves and your children
  • what, how and when you will tell the children, other family members and friends
  • who will pay outstanding bills or debts
  • who will stay in the house
  • how will the rent or mortgage be paid
  • what will happen to any joint bank, building society or credit union accounts, and
  • what will happen to the house, car, furniture and other property.

You may not be able to agree on all these things at the time of separation, but if it is safe to do so, it can greatly help you and your family if you try to reach a temporary agreement.

You can contact the Family Relationship Advice Line, a Family Relationship Centre, or other community-based services for help to reach an agreement.

Family Relationship Advice Line

1800 050 321

www.familyrelationships.gov.au

You can separate smarter

Where it is safe to do so, you can take ownership of your dispute. Whether you agree, partially agree or don't agree at all. You can mediate at any stage, as many times as you need. It is time we started thinking differently about family law disputes.

Most people don't need to come to court to make arrangements for their children or dividing property and finances after separation.

While you do need to apply to the Court for a Divorce order (to end your marriage), there is no need for parenting and/or financial arrangements to be decided by a court - unless it is not safe to make your own agreement, or after making a genuine attempt to resolve your dispute, you still cannot agree.

Going to court is expensive, time consuming and stressful, and you may not get the result you want.

When it is safe - there is a better way to separate.

An AUSLAN version of this video is also available.

Getting help to resolve your dispute

Court proceedings should be a last resort. The Court expects people to make genuine attempts to engage in dispute resolution, to avoid the time, cost and stress associated with litigation.

Dispute resolution refers to a range of services designed to help you resolve disputes arising from separation or divorce and improve your relationship with the other party/s. There is an expectation that you will attempt to resolve your dispute by compromise, discussion and dispute resolution, if it is safe to do so. Even if you do start court proceedings, in most cases, you must demonstrate that you have taken genuine steps to resolve the dispute.

For more information about options and assistance to resolve your dispute, see Get help - Dispute Resolution.

Looking after yourself

Separation is a big change. It can be a difficult time for you, your children, and your former partner. Looking after yourself and recognising when you might need a bit of extra help and support is important. If you are feeling stressed, see the brochure Separation and stress.

For more information about help and support, see Get help – Support services.

Family violence and your safety

The Court places children, litigants and their safety at the heart of the process. For some families, it may be unsafe to resolve their disputes without the help of the Court process and court orders. Remember, there are people who can help you.

If you are experiencing family and domestic violence you can get help and support. See Get help – Family violence or visit the Family Violence Law Help website, which provides information about domestic and family violence and the law in Australia.

Family Violence Law Help

https://familyviolencelaw.gov.au/

If you are in immediate danger call 000

 

Further reading

Pre-Action Procedures: What to do before you file your family law application

Are you thinking about filing a family law application in the Court? This checklist brochure takes you through the steps or ‘pre-action procedures’ you need to complete before you do so. These steps will ask you to try and resolve issues with the other party using Dispute Resolution, if it is safe to do so.

Family law: Support services

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Family Relationships Online and Advice Line

The Family Relationship Advice Line is a national telephone service that helps families affected by relationship or separation issues, including information on parenting arrangements after separation. It can also refer callers to local services that can provide assistance.

Family Relationships Advice Line

Family Relationships Online provides information to help strengthen family relationships, help families access other services, and provides confidential assistance for separating families, for example, family dispute resolution.

Family Relationships Online

Family Advocacy and Support Services (FASS) provide support and legal help if you are affected by domestic and family violence and have a family law issue.

Duty lawyers and support workers available in person Monday to Friday at the following FCFCOA locations:

  • Parramatta - Level 2, 1-3 George Street
  • Newcastle - Level 4, 61 Bolton Street
  • Sydney - Level 4, 97–99 Goulburn Street
  • Wollongong - Level 1, 43 Burelli Street

Duty lawyers and support workers are also available in person when the FCFCOA is sitting in other Registry locations and circuit locations

At other times, duty lawyers, support workers and mental health workers can help you by telephone.

You can contact a duty lawyer by calling 1800 551 589.

Duty lawyers and social support workers can also make referrals to a mental health worker for assistance.

You can contact a social support worker for women (NSW only) by calling 1800 11 FASS (1800 11 3277).

You can contact a social support worker for men (NSW only) by calling 1300 00 FASS (1300 00 3277).

Transgender or gender diverse people are welcome to access the service for women or the service for men.

If you are worried about your safety at court or about going to court, please call the service before your court date.

For more information about Family Advocacy and Support Services visit the Family Violence Law Help website www.familyviolencelaw.gov.au

Family law: Find a lawyer

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You are not required to be represented by a lawyer, or to seek legal advice, before entering into consent orders or applying to the Court, or if you have been served with an application. However, family law is complex, and it is advisable to obtain legal advice before you make a decision about what to do or apply to the Court.

A lawyer can help you understand your legal rights and responsibilities. They can also explain how the law applies to your case.

You can get legal advice from a:

  • legal aid office
  • community legal centre, or
  • private law firm.

Court staff are not permitted by law to give you legal advice and cannot refer you to a private lawyer.

You will be expected to follow the Court’s rules and procedures, even if you are representing yourself.

Family Advocacy and Support Services (FASS) provide support and legal help if you are affected by domestic and family violence and have a family law issue.

Duty lawyers and support workers available in person Monday to Friday at the following FCFCOA locations:

  • Parramatta - Level 2, 1-3 George Street
  • Newcastle - Level 4, 61 Bolton Street
  • Sydney - Level 4, 97–99 Goulburn Street
  • Wollongong - Level 1, 43 Burelli Street

Duty lawyers and support workers are also available in person when the FCFCOA is sitting in other Registry locations and circuit locations

At other times, duty lawyers, support workers and mental health workers can help you by telephone.

You can contact a duty lawyer by calling 1800 551 589.

Duty lawyers and social support workers can also make referrals to a mental health worker for assistance.

You can contact a social support worker for women (NSW only) by calling 1800 11 FASS (1800 11 3277).

You can contact a social support worker for men (NSW only) by calling 1300 00 FASS (1300 00 3277).

Transgender or gender diverse people are welcome to access the service for women or the service for men.

If you are worried about your safety at court or about going to court, please call the service before your court date.

For more information about Family Advocacy and Support Services visit the Family Violence Law Help website www.familyviolencelaw.gov.au

Legal Aid

Depending on the type of case you are involved in, and on your personal and financial circumstances, you may be able to obtain free legal advice through Legal Aid in your state or territory.

Community Legal Centres

Community Legal Centres (CLCs) are independent community organisations that provide free legal advice and services. Some CLCs serve particular geographic areas, and some focus on particular areas of law, such as family law.

Find a private lawyer

The Court cannot refer you to a private lawyer. However, each state and territory has a professional association of lawyers, who can refer you to a lawyer who practises in family law.

The list below gives contact details of organisations that might be able to provide free or low-cost legal advice or assistance or the services of a lawyer. Listing the organisations below is not an endorsement of material on these websites, or of any associated organisation, product or service.

Family Law: Litigation guardians

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What is a litigation guardian?

A litigation guardian is a person who acts on behalf of a party when that party is unable to conduct their own litigation due to mental or physical disability. A litigation guardian stands in the place of the party and makes all the decisions about the conduct of the proceedings.

A person who is appointed as a litigation guardian must comply with all the obligations that the party would have under the Family Law Rules in the proceedings, and may do anything for the benefit of the party that the party would be ordinarily allowed to do in the proceedings. The duty of disclosure applies to a litigation guardian to the extent they are capable of complying with the duty.

The decision to seek to appoint a litigation guardian should not be taken lightly and should be considered as a last resort.

When does a person need a litigation guardian?

A person needs a litigation guardian if they do not understand the nature and possible consequences of the proceeding, or is not capable of adequately conducting, or giving adequate instruction for the conduct of the proceedings.

A person must be able to understand the following, in order to be able to conduct their own litigation:

  • that they are making a claim for an order from a court
  • the order they are seeking and the grounds on which they are seeking the order
  • that before the Court can make an order, it must be satisfied of the existence of certain facts, and that the Court can only be so satisfied if, there is placed before the Court, admissible evidence the Court is satisfied proves such facts
  • where the claim is likely to be defended, the grounds on which the claim is to be defended
  • if it is proposed that they will be legally represented, that they will incur expenses in retaining legal representation and the amount that is likely to be charged
  • that they may not succeed in obtaining the order they seek, and
  • where the claim is likely to be contested, that there is a risk the Court will not grant the orders they claim and they may be ordered to pay the opponent’s costs.

There is a presumption that an adult does not need a litigation guardian unless there is evidence that proves otherwise. How the Court decides whether a person requires a litigation guardian will vary from case to case. The Court will often (but not always) need medical evidence to decide whether a person needs a litigation guardian.

Unless the Court others otherwise, any party who is under the age of 18 must have a litigation guardian.

Who can be a litigation guardian?

A person may be a litigation guardian if they:

  • are an adult
  • have no interest in the proceeding adverse to the interest of the person needing the litigation guardian, and
  • can fairly and competently conduct the proceeding for the person needing the litigation guardian.

A person who is authorised by a law to conduct legal proceedings in the name of or for a person who needs a litigation guardian (such as person who has been made a person’s guardian under state legislation) is known as ‘a manager of the affairs of a party’.

If the proceedings are within the authority of the manager of the affairs of a party, they are entitled to be the litigation guardian (provided the party needs a litigation guardian i.e. they do not understand the proceedings or are not capable of conducting the proceedings).

If a person is in need of a litigation guardian, but a suitable person is not available, the Court may request that the Attorney-General appoint a person to be a manager of the affairs of the party (and then act as litigation guardian).

How is a litigation guardian appointed?

A litigation guardian can be appointed on application to the Court by a party, or on the Court’s own initiative.

Where there is a ‘manager of the affairs of a party’ (being a person who is authorised by a law to conduct legal proceedings in the name of or for a person who needs a litigation guardian), the manager becomes the litigation guardian by filing an Affidavit – Family law and child support consenting to being the litigation guardian for the party.

Where there is no manager of the affairs of a party, an order from the Court for the appointment of a litigation guardian may be sought by filing an Application in a Proceeding. This application can be brought during current proceedings, or before proceedings have commenced.

The application must be supported by an affidavit setting out the facts relied upon in support of the application (this will typically include why the party needs a litigation guardian). A person becomes a litigation guardian by filing an affidavit consenting to the appointment.

Upon being appointed as the litigation guardian, that person must give notice of the appointment to each other party and any independent children’s lawyer.

The Court may also make orders about the payment of the costs and expenses of the litigation guardian.

Family Law: Costs

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Party and party costs (what a person entitled to costs may recover), and the process in disputing an account for ‘fresh applications’ in the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (the Court) is outlined in Chapter 12 of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (the Family Law Rules).

Fresh applications are any of the following applications, including compliance with pre‑action procedures associated with them:

  • an Initiating Application
  • an application that includes an Initiating Application
  • an Application in a Proceeding filed in connection with a fresh application
  • an Application for Divorce
  • an Application for Consent Orders
  • a contempt, contravention or enforcement application
  • an application relating to contempt in the face of the Court
  • an appeal, and a re‑hearing following an appeal
  • an application for review of final orders made by a Registrar.

What are party and party costs?

Party and party costs are the costs payable by one party to another party under the Family Law Rules or by court order.

The costs that may be recovered are generally costs for the professional time of a lawyer, or for work done in a lawyer’s office and the costs (referred to as disbursements) paid out for work done in association with a case e.g. the costs of a process server.

The costs that a lawyer may charge must be calculated in accordance with the Scale of Costs in Schedule 3 of the Family Law Rules or Schedule 1 of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2) (Family Law) Rules if the:

  • Court orders that costs are to be paid and does not fix the amount, or
  • costs are an entitlement under the Family Law Rules.

The Court may order that the Scale of Costs does not apply.

How to dispute an itemised account for party and party costs

A person entitled to costs where the amount has not been fixed must serve on the person who is liable to pay the costs, an itemised account and a copy of the Costs Notice.

Disputing an itemised costs account

It is your right to receive from the party entitled to costs, an itemised costs account that:

  • lists each item and the cost payable by date, description and amount, and
  • states any amount received or credited for the costs.

If you receive an account that states only a summary of work done and claims a lump sum, and you want an itemised costs account, you are entitled to make a request for it.

You have the right to dispute any part of the itemised costs account. There are strict time limits for taking action to dispute the itemised costs account. In special circumstances, time limits may be extended by making an application to the Court. You can obtain the documents you need to make this application by contacting the Court.

There are seven steps involved in disputing a costs account.

  • Step 1: Inform the party seeking payment of the costs that you dispute the itemised costs account by serving a Notice Disputing Itemised Costs Account on the lawyer.
  • Step 2: Contact the party seeking payment of the costs to discuss options for resolving the dispute.
  • Step 3: If the dispute is not resolved, either you or the party seeking payment of the costs can ask the Court to rule on the dispute. This is done by filing the Notice Disputing Itemised Costs Account and the itemised costs account with the Court.
  • Step 4: When the Notice Disputing Itemised Costs Account is filed, the Court will fix a date for a settlement conference, a preliminary assessment, or an assessment hearing. You will receive a Notice from the Court with the Court date. You must, as soon as practicable, serve that document on the party seeking payment of the costs to advise them of the date.
  • Step 5: Settlement Conference – both parties must attend or be represented by a lawyer.
  • Step 6: Preliminary Assessment – the parties do not attend.
  • Step 7: Assessment Hearing – both parties must attend or be represented by a lawyer.

More information and the relevant time limits for each step are outlined in the Costs Notice.

Legal advice

If you have any legal questions about costs, you should get legal advice. You can get legal advice from a:

  • legal aid office
  • community legal centre, or
  • private law firm.

Court staff can help you with questions about court forms and the Court process, but cannot give you legal advice.

For more information see, Legal Help.

Family Law: Subpoenas

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What is a subpoena?

A subpoena is a legal document issued by a court at the request of a party to a case. A subpoena compels a person to produce documents or give evidence at a hearing or trial.

There are three types of subpoena:

  • a subpoena for production
  • a subpoena to give evidence, and
  • a subpoena for production and to give evidence.

You can request a subpoena if a person refuses to give evidence or provide documents to a court, or is unable, of their own free will, to do so.

Before you request a subpoena, you should make all attempts to get the required document or evidence. This may include asking the person to provide the document to you or prepare an affidavit in support of your case.

You should not request a subpoena for production and to give evidence if production of the documents alone would be sufficient.

How do you apply for a subpoena?

You will need to complete the form titled Subpoena - Family Law that is approved by the Court. For more information see the brochure Subpoena: Information for a person requesting the issue of a subpoena.

Unless a court orders otherwise, a subpoena must not be served on a person under 18 years of age.

In some situations, you will need to prepare a letter to support your request for a subpoena. For example, where there are less than seven days before the Court hearing date or where the request is made by an unrepresented litigant (a person who does not have a lawyer). For more information about when you need to prepare a supporting letter, see the Leave requirements for subpoenas in family law proceedings flowchart.

A party can request up to five subpoenas to produce documents for the hearing of any application seeking interlocutory orders.

A subpoena for the hearing or trial of an application seeking final orders or in an appeal will not be issued unless a judge, or registrar gives permission.

A subpoena will not be issued:

NOTE: there are special rules covering subpoenas to be served in New Zealand. They can be found in Practice Direction – Trans-Tasman Proceedings Act.

Conduct money and witness fees

You are required to pay conduct money to the named person. If you do not provide this money, the named person is not required to comply with the subpoena.

For a subpoena for production, you must give the named person conduct money sufficient to meet the reasonable expenses of complying with the subpoena. For example, the cost of identifying, copying and collating the documents required. This will be at least the minimum amount of $25 or such other sum as agreed or ordered.

For a subpoena to give evidence or a subpoena to give evidence and produce documents, the conduct money covers return travel by public transport from the person’s place of work or residence to court, and a reasonable allowance for accommodation and meals during the estimated time of personal attendance at the hearing or trial.

You must also pay witness fees for each person you subpoena to attend court.

  • All witnesses: $75 for each day, or part of a day, that the person is absent from their place of employment or residence, in order to meet the requirements of your subpoena.
  • Expert witnesses: such further amount as agreed or the Court allows.

NOTE: If a person incurs a substantial loss or expense greater than the set conduct money or witness fee, a court may order that the issuing party reimburse these expenses.

Does a person have to comply with a subpoena?

Yes. A person must comply with a subpoena unless:

  • the subpoena was not served on the person in the manner required by the Family Law Rules 2021
  • the court has already made an order that the documents or parts of the documents requested would disclose sensitive information that is a protected confidence, or
  • conduct money was not provided.

If a person does not comply with a subpoena, a court may issue a warrant for the person’s arrest, and/or order them to pay any costs caused by the non-compliance. A court may also find the person guilty of contempt of court.

Production of documents

Can a person object to producing a document?

Yes. Objection can be made to the production of documents required by a subpoena for reasons such as:

  • the documents requested are irrelevant
  • the documents are privileged (for example, documents which came into existence as a result of a lawyer/client relationship)
  • the documents or part of the documents requested disclose sensitive information which is a protected confidence and the protected confider does not consent to the disclosure, or
  • the terms of the subpoena are too broad.

A protected confidence is defined in section 102BA of the Family Law Act as a communication made:

  1. (in the course of, or in connection with, a relationship in which one person (the confidant) is acting in a professional capacity to provide a professional service to another person (the protected confider); and
  2. in circumstances in which the confidant is under an obligation not to disclose communications made to them by, or in relation to, the protected confider (whether the obligation is express or inferred from the nature of the relationship).

A professional service is a health service, or a specialist service in relation to sexual assault or family violence (see section 102BB of the Family Law Act for the full definition).

  • A person may object to a subpoena on the basis that it would disclose a protected confidence, disclosure would cause harm to a person, and that harm would outweigh the desirability of producing the document to the court (see section 102BD and 102BE of the Family Law Act). The named person, or a person receiving a copy of a subpoena (for example the protected confider or a person who has parental responsibility for the protected confider) may object on this basis.

In this case, a party (including the Independent Children’s Lawyer) or a person (named or affected by a subpoena) may seek an order that a subpoena be set aside in whole or in part. They must complete and file a Notice of objection - SubpoenaFor more information see the brochure, Subpoena: Information for named person or other person (served with a subpoena or copy of a subpoena).

Inspecting and/or copying documents produced

If the subpoena is for production only, and the issuing party has served the subpoena in compliance with the Rules and the named person has complied with the subpoena and there is no objection made to the production of the documents, the issuing party may on or after the production day file a Notice of Request to Inspect.

Each party to the proceedings, including the Independent Children’s Lawyer, may then make an appointment with the Court to inspect the documents produced and take copies of documents other than a child welfare record, a criminal record, medical record or police record.

Inspection of medical records, or other documents that contain protected confidences

If you have subpoenaed a person’s medical records or other documents that contain a protected confidence, the person whose records have been produced may give notice to the Court that they want to inspect those medical records in order to decide if they wish to object to their inspection. If they object to their records or other documents being inspected, they are allowed to file their notice of objection within seven days after the date for production in the subpoena. In this case, you, or any other party or interested person, will not be permitted to inspect the medical records, or other documents that would disclose a protected confidence until the later of seven days after the date for production, or the hearing and determination of any objection.

Are there any restrictions in using a subpoenaed document?

A person must only use documents obtained by subpoena for the purposes of the proceeding and must not disclose the contents or give a copy of a document to any other person without the permission of a court.

Legal advice

If you have any legal questions about subpoenas, you should get legal advice. You can get legal advice from a:

  • legal aid office
  • community legal centre, or
  • private law firm.

Court staff can help you with questions about court forms and the Court process, but cannot give you legal advice.

Family Law: Appeal Procedures

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An appeal is the process by which a person can challenge the decision made by a judge.

This brochure gives basic information about appeals to the appellate jurisdiction of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 1) from decisions of:

  • A Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 1) judge;
  • A Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2) judge; or
  • A judge of the Family Court of Western Australia or a Family Law Magistrate of the Magistrate's Court of Western Australia (in Western Australia).

An appeal from the decision of a judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2) or a Family Law Magistrate (in Western Australia) is heard by a single judge unless the Chief Justice directs the appeal be heard by a Full Court.

An appeal from the decision of a judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 1) or a judge of the Family Court of Western Australia, is heard by a Full Court.

The brochure should be read with Family Law Practice Direction: Appeals (‘Practice Direction’) and Chapter 13 of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Family Law) Rules 2021 (‘the Rules’) available at www.fcfcoa.gov.au.

Reviews from decisions of Registrars of the Court, other than reviews of decisions of Appeal Judicial Registrars in appeal proceedings, are not managed by the National Appeals Registry.  For information about reviews from decisions made by Registrars of the Court please refer to the form for Application for Review.

Appeals from decisions of courts of summary jurisdiction (excluding appeals from the Magistrates Court of Western Australia constituted by a Family Law Magistrate of Western Australia) must be commenced by filing a Notice of Appeal in the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 1) at the Registry closest to the Court appealed from. These appeals are not dealt with by the National Appeals Registry (see Rule 13.02(1)(a) of the Rules). For more information:

  • If seeking to appeal a decision of a summary Court in Western Australia, call (08) 9224 8222.
  • If seeking to appeal a decision of a court of summary jurisdiction outside Western Australia call, 1300 352 000.

A Glossary of Terms can be found at Part 7.1 of this information sheet.

2.1 Preparing your appeal

You start an appeal by completing and filing a Notice of Appeal (attaching a copy of the orders being appealed). The notice must be typed or printed clearly and must state:

  • If you are applying for leave to appeal, the facts relied on in support of the application.
  • Whether the appeal is against all or only part of the orders. If it is against only part of the orders, state which part.
  • The grounds on which you claim that the decision made by the primary judge is wrong. You should point out briefly but specifically which principle of law the primary judge applied wrongly, and/or which findings of fact are wrong, and/or how the decision is outside the wide range of discretion. It is very important that the grounds of appeal are prepared carefully as they govern the matters the judge/s will consider in deciding the appeal.
  • What specific orders you want the judge/s to make if the appeal succeeds (or whether you want a new trial instead).

2.2 Leave to appeal

Leave to appeal is needed to appeal certain orders. The rules about this are complex, but in general terms:

  • Leave is not needed to appeal interim orders in relation to a child welfare matter;
  • Leave is needed to challenge all other appealable interlocutory (interim) orders;

Leave is needed to appeal orders made about child support.

2.3 Harmful Proceedings and Vexatious Proceedings Orders

If you are the subject of a harmful proceedings order or a vexatious proceedings order under Part XIB of the Act, you may need to seek leave to commence appeal proceedings. As you will be unable to file on the Commonwealth Law Courts Portal leave is sought by filing an Application in an Appeal and Affidavit in support annexing your proposed Notice of Appeal via email leave.national.appealregistry@fcfcoa.gov.au.

Note: the affidavit requirements prescribed by ss 102QAE and/or102QE of the Act must be strictly complied with.

2.4 Time limits on appealing

The Notice of Appeal must be filed on the Commonwealth Courts Portal no later than 28 days after the day on which the orders were made.

You may seek an extension of time by filing an Application in an Appeal and an Affidavit in support attaching your draft Notice of Appeal. These must be filed and served on the other parties or their lawyers (including any Independent Children’s Lawyer ('ICL')).

The application will be heard by a judge or a registrar. Matters that will be taken into account when deciding whether to allow the extension of time will include:

  • whether there is a substantial issue to be determined (which will include some consideration of the merits of the proposed appeal);
  • the reasons for and length of the delay
  • any disadvantage the delay has caused the other party; and
  • the overall justice of the case.

2.5 Filing the Notice of Appeal

The Notice of Appeal must be filed on the Commonwealth Courts Portal. At filing, you must pay the filing fee or obtain an exemption from paying the fee.

Note – the filing fee cannot be refunded if you withdraw or abandon your appeal.

2.6 Serving the Notice of Appeal on the other party

You must arrange to serve a copy of the Notice of Appeal on each other party to the appeal or their lawyers, including any independent children’s lawyer, within 14 days of filing. Service may be by post or by hand (personal delivery – you cannot serve the papers yourself).

The Court’s Service Kit provides information on service and includes the Affidavit of Service.

2.7 Cross-appeals

A respondent may also appeal if they consider that the judge or magistrate made an error. This is done by filing a Notice of Appeal (endorsed as a ‘cross-appeal’) on the Commonwealth Courts Portal. The cross-appeal must be served on the appellant (or their lawyer if they have one) and any other party to the appeal.

The respondent must file the cross-appeal no later than 14 days after service of the Notice of Appeal or within 28 days of the orders being made, whichever is the later.

The time for filing a cross-appeal may also be extended by order of the Court.

At filing, you must pay the filing fee or obtain a fee exemption.

Note – the filing fee cannot be refunded if you withdraw or abandon your cross-appeal.

2.8 Draft Index to the Appeal Book

Within 28 days of filing the Notice of Appeal (or Notice of Cross-Appeal) you must file and serve a draft index to the appeal book. If reasons for judgment were not given when the appealed orders were made, the time for filing the draft index is extended to 28 days after the issue of the reasons for judgment.

The draft index lists the documents that will be relevant to the appeal, and that will form the appeal book. If you fail to file and serve a draft index on time, the appeal will be taken to be abandoned (Rule 13.14(3)).

3.1 Timeline

Within 28 days of the orders appealed being made
The appellant files the Notice of Appeal on the Commonwealth Courts Portal (attaching a copy of the orders being appealed) and pays the filing fee or applies for a fee exemption.

After an appeal from the decision of a Judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2) or a Family Law Magistrate of the Magistrate's Court of Western Australia is filed
The appeal is to be heard by a single judge unless the Chief Justice determines the appeal will be heard by a Full Court. (The parties will be notified if the appeal will be heard by a Full Court)

Within 14 days of filing the appeal
The appellant arranges for a copy of the Notice of Appeal to be served on each respondent and any ICL.

Within 14 days of being served with a Notice of Appeal or within 28 days of the order being appealed

A respondent may file a Notice of Appeal endorsed as a cross-appeal and pay the filing fee or make an application for a fee exemption if they also challenge the orders.

If the respondent does not challenge the orders and opposes the appeal, they do not need to file anything yet, except a Notice of Address for Service for service to confirm their details.

Within 28 days of filing the appeal or the date of reasons for judgment
The appellant files a draft index to the appeal book and serves a copy on the other parties. If the draft index is not filed on time, the appeal is deemed to have been abandoned.

Within 28 days being served with a Notice of Appeal
If a respondent or the ICL does not want to cross-appeal but contends the orders should be affirmed for different reasons than the primary judge, they must file a Notice of Contention.

After the draft index to the appeal books is filed
The appeal is listed for a procedural hearing. The parties to the appeal will be notified of a hearing date by the regional appeal registry. The procedural hearing may be conducted by a judge or a registrar.

PROCEDURAL HEARING
The judge or registrar makes orders to prepare the appeal for hearing. This may include orders about the appeal book to be filed and a timetable for filing of documents to be used in the appeal (including summaries of argument and lists of authorities).

Within 14 days after the procedural hearing
If the respondent does not oppose the appeal, they may file a submitting notice.

By the date ordered at the procedural hearing
Appellant files and serves the appeal book and transcript. If the appeal book and transcript are not filed on time, the appeal is deemed to have been abandoned.

After the appeal book and transcript are filed the parties are advised of the date of the appeal hearing.

The appellant files and serves a summary of argument and list of authorities.

The respondent (and any other parties, including the ICL) files and serves a summary of argument and list of authorities.

THE APPEAL HEARING
The hearing where each party presents oral arguments to the single judge or Full Court judges relating to the appeal.

3.2 The procedural hearing and the appeal book

After the draft index to the appeal book is filed, a date is allocated for a procedural hearing. Procedural hearings are generally conducted by video using Microsoft Teams or Webex.

At the procedural hearing, orders will be made about:

  • the contents of the appeal book to be prepared in electronic form (usually by the appellant);
  • the party who will be responsible (usually the appellant) to obtain, file and serve, in electronic form, those parts of the transcript that may be relevant to the appeal,
  • the filing of a summary of argument by each party and a list of authorities; and
  • (if known) the date for the hearing of the appeal.

Unless otherwise ordered, the appeal book to be relied on at the appeal hearing must include the following:

  • the Notice of Appeal
  • the order being appealed
  • reasons for judgment of the primary judge
  • any relevant previous or subsequent order (for example, a stay of the primary judge’s orders)
  • the application that was decided by the primary judge
  • any response to that application
  • relevant affidavits relied on before the primary judge
  • any family / expert report received in evidence
  • relevant exhibits tendered before the primary judge,
  • if the appeal involves a challenge to the exclusion of evidence by the primary judge – the document that is the subject of the challenge; and
  • the relevant parts of the transcript of the hearing before the primary judge.

Copies of exhibits are not always included in the appeal book. This is considered at the procedural hearing. All the relevant exhibits will be available at the appeal hearing if a party wishes to refer to them.

3.3 The hearing date

The likely sittings or hearing date will be discussed at the procedural hearing (if known), and a date may be allocated if the hearing is before a single Judge. Urgent appeals may be given priority so you should make a submission to the judge or registrar if there is any particular urgency about your case. In some cases, you may be required to file an Application in an Appeal to request an urgent hearing together with an affidavit in support.

4.1 Transcript

If you decide to appeal, it is your responsibility to order and pay for the relevant parts of the transcript. Transcripts are available from an independent service provider. The appellant is responsible for purchasing transcripts. The Court cannot reduce the fees.

Transcript is filed and served in electronic form as a separate document to the appeal book.

4.2 Notice of material struck out

Before the Appellant’s summary of argument is filed, the parties must file a schedule that identifies any material in the appeal book that was not relied on at trial or was struck out. If there is disagreement, the parties must be able, at the start of the appeal hearing, to direct the Court to relevant pages of the transcript (Rule 13.20(3)).

4.3 Summary of Argument

If ordered to do so, you must file and serve on the other parties a summary of argument and a list of authorities.

The summary of argument must set out, in relation to each ground of appeal, the points of law or fact to be argued. If an appeal book is being used, references to relevant documents should include a reference to the relevant page number in the appeal book and transcript.

The summary of argument must set out the orders you seek, but only if they differ from the orders sought in the Notice of Appeal (or an Amended Notice of Appeal).

The summary of argument must be legible, using a font size of at least 12 points and 1.5 line spacing. The document must not exceed 15 pages (unless the Court orders otherwise), each paragraph must be numbered consecutively and it must be signed by the person who prepared the summary of argument with details of their name, email address and telephone number to be included in the document.

Where a party intends to challenge any findings of fact, the summary of argument must:

  • identify the error (including any failure to make a finding of fact);
  • identify the finding that the party contends ought to have been made;
  • state concisely why the finding, or failure to make a finding, is wrong; and
  • refer to the evidence to be relied upon in support of the argument (including any reference to the relevant page(s) of appeal book and transcript).

Issues not identified in the summary of argument may not be raised at the hearing of the appeal except with leave of the judge/s.

4.4 List of Authorities

The list of authorities is to be divided into two parts:

  • Part 1 must contain only those authorities which will be cited during the appeal.
  • Part 2 must contain those authorities which might be called for during the appeal, but which it is not intended to cite.

All references to a reported authority must give the case name, citation and the relevant page/s. Where a judgment is reported in an authorised report that citation should be used. Other recognised series of reports (including Family Law Cases and Family Law Reports) should be used where the judgment is not reported in the authorised reports.

The medium neutral citation of unreported judgments should be provided where available. An unreported judgment should not usually be cited unless it contains a statement of legal principle or a material application of principle which is not found in reported authority.

If a party proposes to read from passages of an unreported judgment, they should provide a copy of the judgment for the judge/s hearing the appeal and each other party by email to the appeal registry prior to the hearing. Copies of unreported decisions downloaded from Austlii should be in PDF/A format where available.

4.5 Notice of abandoned grounds

If the Appellant decides to abandon any ground/s of appeal, they should advise the appeal registry and the other parties no later than five (5) days before the appeal hearing (Practice Direction 2.28).

4.6 Further evidence

The only evidence that the judge/s will consider is that presented at the hearing before the primary judge, unless permission is given to rely on other material.

If you wish to apply for permission to introduce additional evidence, no later than 14 days before the sittings in which the appeal is listed or the hearing date, you must file and serve on each other party an:

The affidavit should set out the grounds on which you are making the application, briefly but specifically any evidence necessary to establish those grounds and include or provide an outline of the further evidence you want the appeal judge/s to receive. The affidavit should also state why that evidence was not adduced at the first-instance hearing.

5.1 Overview

The appeal hearing may be conducted in person in Court or via electronic means using Microsoft Teams, Webex or video link, as directed by the Court.

The appellant will put their oral argument to the judge/s first. The respondent and any other parties will then respond. The appellant will then have a limited right of reply.

Each party should be able to direct the attention of the judge/s to the relevant pages of documents in the appeal book supporting their argument.

The judge/s will sometimes make their decision immediately after the hearing concludes, but otherwise will reserve their decision to a later time. The judge/s attempt to give their decision within three months of the hearing. You will be notified when the judgment is to be delivered. There is no requirement for you to attend that court event. You will be provided with an electronic copy of the judgment once delivered.

5.2 What will the single judge or Full Court judges hearing the appeal take into account?

The judge/s will:

  • read the Notice of Appeal, the reasons for judgment and the summaries of argument;
  • read the documents in the appeal book;
  • read the transcript;
  • listen to oral argument from both sides.

An appeal is not a rehearing of the original case. The judge/s will therefore not:

  • consider anything that was not before the primary judge, except in special circumstances; or
  • hear parties or witnesses giving oral evidence.

5.3 What does the appellant need to establish?

To succeed in an appeal, the appellant needs to convince the judge/s that the primary judge made a mistake such that the decision should be set aside or varied.

This is usually done by demonstrating that the primary judge:

  • applied a wrong principle of law, or
  • made a finding of fact on an important issue not supported by the evidence, or
  • took into account an irrelevant consideration; or
  • did not take into account a relevant consideration; or
  • used his or her discretion to arrive at a decision which was clearly wrong.

A finding of fact is, for example:

  • a finding that a certain event did or did not occur
  • that something was said or not said, or
  • that something has a certain value (for example, your house).

A judge uses discretion when they have to weigh up a number of different factors, all of which are of relevance. To succeed on appeal, it is not enough to show that another judge might have weighed up the relevant factors differently and come to a different result.

For example:

  • In a financial case there is a margin within which the Court may have a range of decisions open to it; all of which will be legally valid or acceptable.
  • In a parenting case matters may be so finely balanced between the parties that the primary judge could decide in favour of either party, without being in error in a legal sense.

If the primary judge accepted the evidence of one party in preference to that of the other party, the appeal judge/s will be reluctant to take a different view because, unlike the primary judge, they do not see and hear the parties or their witnesses giving evidence.

It is not possible to appeal some orders, including:

  • Join or remove a party;
  • Adjourn or expedite a hearing;
  • Vacate a hearing date; or
  • Other procedural orders that are made during the course of the proceedings that do not conclude any part of the parties’ justiciable dispute.

5.4 Outcome of Appeal

If the appeal is successful, the judge/s may:

  • make a different order to the one made by the primary judge, or
  • order another hearing by a judge (usually by a different judge).

If the appeal is found to have no legal merit, it will be dismissed.

It is also possible for the judge/s to find that although the primary judge made some errors, they came to the correct conclusion, in which case the appeal will be dismissed.

6.1 Costs

Before deciding whether to appeal against the primary judge’s decision, it is important to be aware of the costs involved. They include:

  • the filing fee (unless an exemption is obtained) - for more information see the fees page at www.fcfcoa.gov.au,
  • the cost of a transcript (if required). No fee reduction or exemption is available.
  • fees for a lawyer if you engage one to represent you.

Depending on the outcome, the judge/s may order a party to pay the costs of other parties.

If the appeal succeeds on a question of law, you may ask the judge/s to recommend to the Attorney-General that a contribution be made towards your costs from a special fund. The Court may do this by granting a ‘costs certificate’. The most you can be paid from the fund is $4000.

6.2 Filing an appeal does not stop the order

Filing a Notice of Appeal does not automatically affect the orders made by the judge (except where the order is a divorce order that has not been finalised). This means that both you and the other party must obey the orders, even if you have filed an appeal.

If you want to stop the operation of the orders until the appeal is decided, you must file an Application in a Proceeding to stay the orders and an Affidavit. That application can only be filed after the Notice of Appeal has been filed. You may request an early hearing if necessary.

The application to stay the orders should be filed in the registry of the Court where the primary proceedings were heard, not the national appeal registry. The application will be decided by the primary judge, if available.

If a stay is granted, the primary judge’s orders have no effect until the appeal is finalised or some other order is made in relation to the stay.

6.3 Prosecution of the appeal / when an appeal is deemed abandoned

If you do not obey orders made by the judge or registrar or fail to attend court hearings or appointments, the judge/s or registrar may dismiss your appeal without it being heard. You will be given prior written notice of this and the opportunity to appear before the judge/s or registrar. If your appeal is dismissed, you may be liable to pay the other parties’ costs relating to the appeal.

An appeal will be taken to have been abandoned without the need for any notice to you, if you fail to file the draft index to the appeal book, the appeal book, or the transcript on time as prescribed by the procedural orders (Rule 13.22). If your appeal is deemed abandoned, you may file an Application in an Appeal to request to re-instate your appeal, together with an affidavit in support.

6.4 Stopping an appeal

You can discontinue your appeal or cross appeal at any time by filing a Notice of Discontinuance on the Commonwealth Courts Portal. You must serve a copy on the respondent and each other party, including any ICL. If you discontinue your appeal or cross-appeal you may be required to pay the costs of the other parties to the appeal.

6.5 Appeals to the High Court

There is no appeal to a Full Court from the decision of a single judge hearing an appeal.

You may apply to the High Court for special leave to appeal decision of a Full Court or a single judge hearing an appeal. If you make any application to the High Court you must also lodge a copy of that application in the relevant location of the national appeal registry. You should check with the High Court registry regarding any time limits which may apply.

7.1 Glossary of Terms

Appeal – a procedure which enables a person to challenge the decision made by a judge.

Appeal books – a collection (in electronic form) of all documents relevant to the appeal.

Appellant – a person who files an appeal.

Child welfare matter a matter relating to the person with whom a child is to live; or with whom the child is to spend time or communicate; or any other aspect of parental responsibility.

Cross-appeal – a procedure which enables the person responding to an appeal to also challenge the decision made by a judge for a different reason.

Cross-appellant – a person who files a cross-appeal.

Draft index to the appeal book – a list of the documents which were before the primary judge, and which are relevant to the appeal.

Full Court – three judges hearing an appeal together.

List of authorities – a list containing the name and citation of previously decided legal cases.

Leave to appeal – permission required before an appeal can proceed in some cases.

Notice of Contention – document which a respondent or independent children’s lawyer must file if they contend the order should be affirmed on grounds other than those relied on by the primary judge (Rule 13.08).

Primary judge – the judge (or Family Law Magistrate in Western Australia) who made the orders being appealed.

Reasons for judgment – the reasons given by the primary judge for the orders that are made.

Respondent – the other party to the proceedings.

Single judge – the judge who hears an appeal from the decision of a judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court (Division 2), or Family Law Magistrate in Western Australia, unless the Chief Justice directs the appeal be heard by a Full Court.

Submitting Notice – document which a respondent may file if they do not oppose the appeal (Rules 13.09 and 2.22).

Summary of Argument – an outline of the argument provided before the hearing of the appeal.

Transcript – the official written record of court proceedings.

7.2 National Appeal Registry Contacts

In addition to the National Appeal Registry, the Court has four regional appeal registries:

EASTERN (SYDNEY)
Appeals from New South Wales (except Lismore and Albury) and the Australian Capital Territory
EMAIL easternappeals@fcfcoa.gov.au
97-99 Goulburn Street Sydney NSW 2000

NORTHERN (BRISBANE)
Appeals from Queensland, the Northern Territory and Lismore
EMAIL northernappeals@fcfcoa.gov.au
Cnr North Quay and Tank Street Brisbane QLD 4000

SOUTHERN (MELBOURNE)
Appeals from Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Albury
EMAIL southernappeals@fcfcoa.gov.au
305 William Street Melbourne VIC 3000

WESTERN (PERTH – Family Court of Western Australia)
Appeals from the Family Court of Western Australia/Family Law Magistrate
EMAIL Appeals.FamilyCourt@justice.wa.gov.au
150 Terrace Rd Perth WA 6000

NATIONAL APPEAL REGISTRY 
Chambers of the National Appeal Registrar
EMAIL national.appealregistry@fcfcoa.gov.au

7.3 Legal Advice

You should seek legal advice before deciding whether to appeal or to oppose an appeal. As appeals are complex, you will ideally obtain a lawyer to represent you, Court staff can answer questions about forms and the court process, but cannot give legal advice (see the below for contact details)

You may be able to obtain legal advice from a:

When seeking legal advice, you should have a copy of the orders and the reasons for judgment.

7.4 Personal Safety

If you have any concerns about your safety while attending court, please call 1300 352 000 ((08) 9224 8222 in Western Australia) or submit an enquiry before your court appointment or hearing. Options for your safety at court will be discussed and arrangements put in place.

Parties must inform a court if there is an existing or pending family violence order involving themselves or their children. More detail is in the brochure Do you have fears for your safety when attending court?

7.5 More Information

For more information about the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia:

The Court respects your right to privacy and the security of your information. You can read more about the courts’ commitments and legal obligations in the fact sheet The Court and your privacy. This fact sheet includes details about information protection under the privacy laws and where laws do not apply.

This brochure provides general information only and is not provided as legal advice. If you have a legal issue, you should contact a lawyer before making a decision about what to do or applying to the Court. The Court cannot provide legal advice.

More information about appeals in the Family Court of Western Australia can be found at Family Court of Western Australia.